Liquid Crystal Polarization Gratings

Coherent Doppler Lidar
Coherent Doppler lidar provides a means of optically sensing an object’s range and relative velocity along the line-of-sight (LOS). In one particularly powerful application of this technique, coherent Doppler lidar of aerosols in the air can be used to measure down-range wind speeds. By measuring the wind speeds along multiple widely spaced LOS, the 3D wind vectors for a volume of air can be calculated. Such information is extremely useful in monitoring wind fields near airports, planning wind farms, and even controlling individual wind turbines.

Because 3D wind sensing lidar requires a small number of widely spaced angles, excellent wavefront quality, and is inherently polarization sensitive, the application is very well suited to using liquid crystal polarization grating (LCPG)-based nonmechanical beam steering. Conventional 3D wind-sensing lidar systems rely upon motorized optics or multiple telescopes to provide the required LOS. Using LCPGs, a single transmissive window can generate the LOS while reducing the required size, weight, and power (SWaP).
APPLICATIONS: Automotive Sensors, Wind Power Generation

High-Definition Time-of-Flight Imaging
Time-of-flight (TOF) three-dimensional (3D) imaging provides a complementary fit for the LCPG steering technology. TOF cameras and flash lidars use a focal plane array (FPA) to simultaneously detect the return from thousands of locations in the receiver’s field of view (FOV). Large FOVs typically require diverging beams and wide-angle optics that reduce the amount of signal collected relative to background noise. Meanwhile, the angular resolution is limited by the resolution of the TOF FPA.

Using LCPGs, a TOF camera can concentrate illumination and signal collection over a narrow-angle for high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and angular resolution, then non-mechanically scan both transmitter and receiver to regain a large FOV and high effective pixel count. We demonstrated this approach with a commercial TOF camera to boost range and resolution while reducing power consumption.
APPLICATIONS: Automotive Sensors, Manufacturing Inspection and Factory Automation, Aerospace + Defense

Nonmechanical Refocusing in Microscopy
The brain’s neurons are connected in 3D, and that’s challenging to study with laser scanning microscopes that natively look at one depth at a time. Existing methods of changing a microscope’s focus aren’t fast enough to catch neuronal dynamics happening on the millisecond timescale across the millimeter-length scale of neuronal connectivity.

Making things even more challenging, some neuroscience researchers are moving toward low-magnification, large-NA objectives for higher resolution over a larger field of view. Some of these microscope objectives are heavy, so they’re hard to mechanically refocus. They also tend to have large back apertures, some in excess of 30 mm in diameter, making them difficult to refocus with technologies such as liquid lenses.

To solve this problem, we took advantage of a technology we’d previously developed for 2D beamsteering and applied it to flexible axial refocusing. Using liquid crystal polarization grating lenses (LCPG lenses) in combination with controllable liquid crystal (LC) switches, we were able to show focus changes of more than 500 micrometers in less than 40 microseconds in a multiphoton microscope.

APPLICATIONS: Photostimulation, Optogenetics, Machine Vision, Remote Focusing