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Geometric-phase microscopy (GPM) uses changes in the phase of light passing through biological specimens to yield high-resolution and high-contrast images, instead of relying on the attenuation of light used conventionally. Polarization optics and a spatial light modulator generate spatially variant polarization states of light that interact with the sample, creating a relative phase shift between transmitted and reflected light waves. By analyzing the phase information, GPM can reveal details not visible with other microscopy techniques. GPM is an effective non-invasive tool for live cell and tissue studies, with potential to enhance biological systems knowledge.
Geometric-phase microscopy allows quantitative phase imaging with restored ground-truth phase and subnanometer precision. The retardance in the sample originates from either dynamic or geometric phase and measurements are customized for mapping. The self-interference of polarization distinguished waves provides pure reference phase, enabling noninvasive biophotonic imaging for cell dry mass density, classification, and dynamic changes. The method restores variations in the dynamic phase and maps the geometric phase of a space-variant polarization directed lens.
